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opinion

As the damaged BP oil well continues to spew millions of gallons of crude from the depths of the floor of the Gulf of Mexico, the immediate challenge is how to mitigate the environmental catastrophe. One can only hope that the spill will be contained soon, and that the ever-darkening worst-case scenarios will not materialize.

The disaster, however, poses a much deeper challenge regarding how modern societies regulate complex technologies. The speed of innovation seems to be outstripping government regulators' capacity to deal with risks, much less anticipate them.

The parallels between the oil spill and the recent financial crisis are all too painful: the promise of innovation, unfathomable complexity and lack of transparency. Wealthy, powerful lobbies put enormous pressure on even the most robust governance structures. It is a huge embarrassment for U.S. President Barack Obama that just before the BP catastrophe, he proposed - admittedly, under pressure from Republican opposition - to greatly expand offshore oil drilling.

The oil technology story, like the one for exotic financial instruments, was compelling and seductive. Oil executives bragged that they could drill a couple of kilometres down, then a kilometre across to hit a target within a few metres. Suddenly, instead of a world of "peak oil" with ever-depleting resources, technology offered the promise of extending supplies for another generation.

Western officials were also swayed by concerns about the stability of supplies in the Middle East, which accounts for a large proportion of the world's proven reserves. Some developing countries, most notably Brazil, have discovered huge potential offshore riches.

Now, all bets are off. U.S. offshore drilling seems set to go the way of nuclear power, with new projects being shelved for decades. And, as is often the case, a crisis in one country may go global, with many other countries radically scaling back offshore and out-of-bounds projects. Will Brazil really risk its spectacular coastline, now that everyone has been reminded of what can happen? What about Nigeria, where other risks are amplified by civil strife?

Oil experts argue that offshore drilling never had the potential to fulfill more than a small share of global supply. But now there will be greater concerns about deep drilling in any sensitive environment. And the problem isn't just oil - the big news in energy these days is the revolution in technology for tapping shale gas. With important reserves near populated areas, governments will need to consider the balance between risks and riches.

The basic problem of complexity, technology and regulation extends to many other areas of modern life. Nanotechnology and innovation in developing artificial organisms offer a huge potential boon to mankind, promising development of new materials, medicines and treatment techniques. Yet, with all of these exciting technologies, it is extremely difficult to strike a balance between managing "tail risk" - a very small risk of a very large disaster - and supporting innovation.

Financial crises are almost comforting by comparison. Speculative bubbles and banking crises have been a regular feature of the economic landscape for centuries. Awful as they are, societies survive them.

Perhaps G20 leaders have not done quite as brilliant a job of plugging the hole in the financial system as they claim. The raging sovereign-debt problems in continental Europe, and the brewing ones in the United States, Japan and elsewhere are proof enough of that. But compared to British Petroleum's efforts to plug its deep-sea oil hole, the government leaders look omnipotent.

If ever there were a wakeup call for Western society to rethink its dependence on ever-accelerating technological innovation for ever-expanding fuel consumption, surely the BP oil spill should be it. Even China, with its "Boom now, deal with the environment later" strategy should be taking a hard look at the situation in the Gulf of Mexico.

Economics teaches us that when there is huge uncertainty about catastrophic risks, it is dangerous to rely too much on the price mechanism to get incentives right. Unfortunately, economists know much less about how to adapt regulation over time to complex systems with constantly evolving risks, much less how to design regulatory-resilient institutions. Until these problems are better understood, we may be doomed to a world of regulation that perpetually overshoots or undershoots its goals.

The finance industry is already warning that new regulation may overshoot - that is, have the unintended effect of sharply impeding growth. Now, we may soon face the same concerns about energy policy, and not just for oil.

Given the huge financial stakes involved, achieving global consensus will be difficult, as the Copenhagen climate-change fiasco proved. The advanced countries, which can best afford to restrain long-term growth, must lead by example. The balance of technology, complexity and regulation is without doubt one of the greatest challenges that the world must face in the 21st century. We can ill afford to keep getting it wrong.

Kenneth Rogoff is professor of economics and public policy at Harvard University and former chief economist at the IMF.

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