A general view shows a Wal-Mart store in Mexico City, in this April 24, 2012 file picture. Wal-Mart Stores Inc.’s Mexican affiliate routinely used bribes to open stores in desirable locations, according to a New York Times investigation published Dec. 17, 2012.Edgard Garrido/Reuters
Wal-Mart Stores Inc. may be facing sizable fines related to allegations of widespread bribery at its Mexican affiliate, after a second report from the New York Times provided more details about the scope of the potential misconduct.
Experts said the latest report, published online late on Monday, is significant because it appears to show that the alleged bribes were a substantial part of its business methods, and more than routine payments to speed up approvals, which are allowed under U.S. law.
The newspaper said the world's largest retailer opened some 19 stores by using hundreds of thousands of dollars in bribes to get what local laws otherwise prohibited.
In April the newspaper reported that Wal-Mart had stifled an internal probe into bribery at its Mexican affiliate Walmex, but gave the impression that many of the bribes paid may have been used to facilitate approval processes already in motion.
"I think the Times story, if it is true, changes the perception of the Wal-Mart matter from being about facilitating payments to something larger than that," said Danforth Newcomb, an expert on the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) who defends such cases at the law firm Shearman & Sterling.
The latest story describes, for example, $765,000 (U.S.) in bribes that helped Wal-Mart build a refrigerated distribution centre in an environmentally fragile area where electricity was scarce and smaller developers were turned away. It also describes in detail how Wal-Mart allegedly paid $52,000 to change a zoning map so it could open a store near the ancient pyramids in Teotihuacan.
It is difficult to put a ballpark figure on any settlement, especially because the U.S. investigation into Wal-Mart is in early stages, but experts said it could rival other major FCPA cases.
In the largest FCPA case to date, Siemens AG paid $800-million to resolve allegations of widespread bribery in 2008. In other sizable cases, KBR and its former parent Halliburton Co. paid $579-million in 2009, and BAE Systems PLC paid $400-million in 2010.
Wal-Mart declined to provide additional comment on Tuesday. On Monday, Wal-Mart said that the allegations in the Times report have been part of the investigation of potential FCPA violations the company began conducting more than a year ago.
The company is co-operating with the U.S. Justice Department and the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission on the matter.
Representatives of the SEC and DOJ declined to comment.
The Justice Department usually calculates fines in foreign bribery cases by either levying a per-violation fine or a penalty tied to the profits a company earned through the alleged bribery. Related SEC settlements usually also involve disgorging profits earned due to the bribery. Including Walmex's profits at stores throughout Mexico could prove a sizable fine. It is unclear how many of the roughly 2,000 locations in Mexico could be included. In 2011, Walmex posted gross profit of nearly 83.7-billion pesos ($6.58-billion).
In 2004, the year in which it allegedly pushed for zoning to open the store near the ancient pyramids, Walmex's gross profit was 28.84-billion pesos ($2.27-billion). The 2011 results include Central America.
When calculating potential fines, prosecutors take into account how widespread the conduct was, and whether senior management knew about it or were involved in any way. Wal-Mart has said it is investigating allegations related to its operations in Brazil, India, and China.
"Wal-Mart de Mexico didn't stumble into a bit of bribery. If the allegations are correct, it used systematic bribery as part of its business strategy as a way to grow," said Richard Cassin, an FCPA expert and author of a popular FCPA blog.
The company's costs to conduct the entire investigation – which already stand at $100-million – could be larger than its eventual fines, lawyers said.
Wal-Mart has also been pro-active with other measures that could blunt some of the demands from authorities. When settling FCPA cases, companies are usually required to make some management changes and overhaul their compliance programs.
In October the company said it reorganized its compliance department and created a new global chief compliance officer position as part of an overhaul of its anti-corruption efforts.
It said then that it spent more than $30-million to update its anti-corruption program, named a new chief compliance officer for Wal-Mart International and a new vice-president of global investigations, which are both new positions for the company. It also previously created a new global FCPA compliance officer position.