A pricing battle lost by Amazon.com Inc. to a top publisher may herald pressure from other publishers, compromising low e-book prices which could potentially hit sales volume growth for its Kindle e-reader.
The news highlighted for the first time that the world's largest online retailer, and its market-leading Kindle, could soon be challenged by new rival Apple Inc. in the mass transition to digital books.
Amazon's shares fell as much as 9 per cent in the regular session before closing down 5.21 per cent. It fell another 2.4 per cent to $115.98 after hours.
"The thought is: Will other publishers now want to re-price their offerings on Amazon.com, which could affect their entire business model," said TD Ameritrade chief derivatives strategist Joe Kinahan.
The advent of Apple's highly touted iPad into the burgeoning digital book market has already set off a chain reaction, with publishers anxious to protect their profit margins against Amazon's desire for low prices.
On Sunday, Amazon alerted customers that it had bowed to pressure from publisher Macmillan, which insisted on charging $12.99 to $14.99 for its books sold at the Kindle e-reader bookstore rather than Amazon's standard $9.99.
The pricing reflects terms agreed upon by five of the six top publishers for selling e-books on Apple newly unveiled iPad multimedia tablet, the New York Times reported.
Amazon has long touted low prices and selection as its primary appeal to consumers, who helped push Amazon's revenue up 42 per cent in its most recent fourth quarter.
Book pricing has been key to pushing growth of the Kindle since its launch in 2007, but has also put Amazon at odds with publishers. Major publishing houses have complained that low prices on digital versions of its titles will cannibalize sales of higher-priced hardback copies.
Amazon's dominance in e-books gave it the clout to demand lower prices; that is, until Apple emerged on the scene with the iPad and an iBookstore last week.
BGC Partners analyst Colin Gillis called the concession to Macmillan "just the first repercussion to Amazon's Kindle and e-book franchise from the recently announced Apple product."
For its part, Amazon may have set itself up for disappointment by touting the Kindle's success, without providing supporting data. Last month, Forrester analyst James McQuivey told Reuters the stock could fall as much as 20 percent at the hint of Kindle's weakness.
On Monday, market watchers were surprised at Amazon's steep descent.
"The stock has technically broken down and it's just a matter of sellers piling up on sellers," said Michael James, senior trader at Wedbush Morgan in Los Angeles.
Meanwhile, shares of Amazon rival Barnes & Noble, the bookseller whose Nook e-reader hit the market just before Christmas, rose 17 per cent in after-hours trade on Monday after investor Ronald Burkle sought to raise his stake.
Amazon does not disclose sales or profit data about the Kindle, only saying that millions of people have bought the device.
Some analysts believe Amazon sells the $9.99 titles at a loss, and recoups that through sales of its readers. That means that the higher sale price demanded by Macmillan will boost Amazon's e-book profit margin, noted at least two analysts who believe the sell-off in shares appeared overdone.
"Though Kindle revenue growth could be negatively impacted, higher prices would improve profitability," wrote UBS analyst Brian Pitz, adding that Amazon's "significant" pricing leverage should not be underestimated.
"The iPad is still untested as a reading device and we believe there is room in the market for dedicated eReaders," he said, reiterating a constant refrain from Amazon that Kindle customers are for dedicated, rather than casual, readers.
J.P. Morgan's Imran Khan, meanwhile, wrote that if prices on e-books were to rise to $14.99 from $9.99, volume would have to fall by more than a third in order for revenue to decline.
"We don't expect a material EPS impact," he wrote.
An Amazon spokesman cited the company's policy not to comment on share movement.